Humanity’s dream of becoming a multi-planetary species is still a long way off—about 225 million kilometers to Mars, give or take. But while interplanetary passports aren’t an option yet, collecting dual, triple, or even multiple citizenships right here on Earth is far more achievable.
So, how many citizenships can you have? The answer depends on where you’re born, your ancestry, and the laws of different nations. Some countries welcome multiple nationalities without restriction, while others make you choose just one.
In an increasingly globalized world, holding more than one passport isn’t just a novelty—it’s a strategic advantage. Whether it’s for travel freedom, business opportunities, or a plan B in times of uncertainty, multiple citizenships can open doors (and borders) in ways a single nationality simply can’t.
This article will explore the possibilities, the perks, and the paths to acquiring multiple citizenships—because while Mars may be out of reach, expanding your global footprint is entirely within grasp.
- How many citizenships can you have? The answer depends on the laws of each country, but it is possible to hold citizenship in more than two nations. Some countries embrace multiple nationalities, while others impose restrictions or even require renunciation.
- Holding multiple passports can unlock a world of advantages, including greater global mobility, expanded educational and business opportunities, enhanced personal security, and even tax benefits in some cases.
- There are several pathways to obtaining additional citizenship, including birthright, parentage, marriage, naturalization, and investment programs.
Can you have citizenship in more than 2 countries?
Yes, it is possible to hold citizenship in more than two countries, a status known as multiple or dual citizenship. However, the rules and implications vary significantly across nations, as each country has its own laws regarding citizenship.
Germany's Reforms
Germany has made significant updates to its citizenship laws, making it easier for individuals to obtain German nationality while retaining their original citizenship. As of June 27, 2024, applicants seeking naturalization can now hold dual nationality, provided their country of origin also allows it. This change marks a shift away from Germany's previous stance, where individuals were typically required to renounce their original citizenship in order to become German nationals.
One of the most notable changes is the reduction in the residency requirement for naturalization. The minimum residency period has been shortened from eight years to five years, allowing applicants to gain citizenship more quickly. For those who have demonstrated exceptional integration into German society, such as through their professional achievements or community involvement, this period can be further reduced to just three years.
These updates are designed to attract talent, promote integration, and modernize the naturalization process. They make it easier for individuals from diverse backgrounds to become part of the German community while maintaining connections to their home countries. Whether you're considering a move to Germany for work, study, or family reasons, this reform is an important step towards greater global mobility and opportunity.
United States
The United States permits dual citizenship, allowing individuals to hold U.S. citizenship alongside that of another country. However, the U.S. does not actively encourage dual citizenship and may not provide assistance to dual citizens abroad.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom permits dual citizenship, allowing individuals to hold British citizenship alongside that of another country. This policy facilitates greater mobility and freedom for its citizens. When you become a British citizen, you can retain your original citizenship, and British citizens seeking foreign citizenship are not required to surrender their British citizenship, provided the other country permits dual nationality.
Canada
Canada permits dual citizenship, allowing individuals to hold Canadian citizenship alongside that of another country. This policy reflects Canada's commitment to multiculturalism and provides its citizens with increased freedom and mobility.
Ireland
Ireland offers citizenship by descent, allowing individuals with Irish ancestry to claim citizenship. This pathway is open to those with an Irish parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent, and does not require renouncing other citizenships.
Italy
Italy grants citizenship by descent to individuals with Italian ancestry, provided the ancestor did not renounce their citizenship before the applicant's birth. This policy allows individuals to claim Italian citizenship without renouncing other citizenships.
Spain
Spain allows dual citizenship with several specific countries, particularly those with historical or linguistic ties, without losing Spanish nationality. These countries include Ibero-American nations, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, and Portugal.
Armenia
Armenia permits dual citizenship, allowing individuals to hold Armenian citizenship alongside that of another country. This policy provides greater freedom and mobility for its citizens.
Egypt
Egypt does not recognize dual citizenship and requires individuals to renounce their foreign citizenship upon naturalization. Dual citizens may face legal challenges and restrictions within Egypt.
Colombia
Colombia permits dual citizenship, allowing individuals to hold Colombian citizenship alongside that of another country. This policy provides greater freedom and mobility for its citizens.
Others
Many countries offer citizenship based on ancestry, allowing individuals to claim nationality through their parents, grandparents, or even great-grandparents. Countries like Ghana, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Spain provide such pathways, often with specific requirements. Some, like Ghana, encourage those of African descent to reconnect with their heritage, while others, such as Ireland and Italy, have more extensive processes for tracing lineage. Each country has its own rules, with some allowing dual citizenship and others offering alternative statuses like India’s Overseas Citizenship.
Considerations
While multiple citizenships can offer increased freedom and mobility, they also come with responsibilities and potential legal complexities. Dual citizens may be subject to the laws and obligations of both countries, including taxation and military service. It's essential to understand the specific laws and implications in each country involved before pursuing multiple citizenships.
In summary, multiple citizenships can provide greater freedom and mobility, but it's crucial to navigate the legal frameworks of each country involved to fully understand the rights and responsibilities associated with dual or multiple citizenships.
For a comprehensive understanding, the following two tables detail the countries that allow multiple citizenships and those that do not.
Countries that allow multiple citizenship
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Why should you get more than one citizenship?
Simply put, obtaining multiple citizenships means unlocking a new level of global access, opportunity, and security that is nearly unattainable with a single nationality. In an era of globalization, the value of having more than one citizenship cannot be understated.
At the heart of the advantages is increased global mobility. A second passport, especially from countries with strong visa-free agreements, opens up a world previously constrained by visa limitations. This is particularly beneficial for people from countries facing stringent travel restrictions. With an additional passport, the world-traveling entrepreneur or the spontaneous traveler can bypass time-consuming visa applications, gaining the flexibility to travel on short notice.
For instance, a citizen of Pakistan, a country with limited visa-free travel, could benefit significantly from a second passport from a country like Germany, known for its powerful passport with extensive visa-free travel options.
From an educational perspective, securing a second citizenship, such as one from a European Union member state, can provide access to world-class educational institutions at local tuition rates as well as no limits to a capped number of allowed foreign students. This can result in substantial cost savings and open doors to prestigious academic opportunities that might otherwise be financially out of reach and limited to many foreigners.
Business development is yet another compelling reason to hold multiple citizenships. It facilitates the opening of new sales channels and the expansion of business operations. It also allows the opening of accounts in local banks and eliminates concerns over currency fluctuations.
When it comes to personal safety and political stability, second citizenship stands as a shield in times of unrest. It offers a plan B, allowing the option to relocate swiftly and legally to a more stable environment. This level of security is priceless, assuring a safe place if it's ever needed.
For a citizen of a politically unstable country like Venezuela, obtaining a second citizenship in a stable country like Australia can provide a secure plan B during times of domestic turmoil.
Moreover, the notion of tax efficiency and wealth preservation is a significant draw. A second citizenship can mean the difference between burdensome taxation and a more favorable fiscal environment, thereby helping in the conservation and growth of family wealth across generations.
Consider a high-net-worth individual from Italy, facing high tax liabilities. They might find it advantageous to also become a citizen of a country with a more favorable tax regime, such as Singapore, to optimize their tax situation.
Lastly, imagine the liberty to choose a home based on climate, family safety, business opportunity, culture, or quality of life. Multiple citizenships can provide the ability to reside in countries with better healthcare, pleasant climates, and an overall higher quality of life. In essence, it's about crafting the lifestyle you desire, with the freedom to relocate to places where you feel most fulfilled.
Statistical Insights on the Rise of Multiple Citizenship
The demand for multiple citizenships has grown exponentially in recent years, driven by globalization, economic uncertainty, and political instability. The number of people seeking second passports through investment or ancestry has risen by over 60% since 2019. This trend is particularly pronounced among high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs), with over 35% of millionaires worldwide either holding or actively pursuing a second citizenship.
Visa-free travel remains one of the top motivations. As of 2024, Japan, Singapore, and Germany hold the world’s most powerful passports, each offering access to 190+ countries without a visa. In contrast, citizens of countries like Afghanistan or Syria can travel visa-free to fewer than 30 countries, highlighting the significant advantage of securing a stronger passport.
Another compelling factor is taxation. Countries like the United States, Canada, and France impose global taxation on their citizens, meaning they must pay taxes regardless of where they reside. Conversely, nations such as Portugal (with its Non-Habitual Resident program) and the UAE (with its zero-income-tax policy) offer favorable tax incentives that attract global investors and entrepreneurs.
In terms of migration trends, more than 10 million people have acquired a second nationality in the past decade, with European Union nations being the most sought-after due to their citizenship-by-descent policies. Countries like Italy, Ireland, and Poland have seen applications for ancestry-based citizenship triple since 2020, as people seek to leverage their heritage for better mobility and economic opportunities.
This data underscores the growing recognition that multiple citizenships are no longer just a luxury for the ultra-wealthy but a strategic necessity for individuals seeking greater freedom, security, and financial optimization in an increasingly uncertain world
5 Types of Getting Multiple Citizenships
Now that we have addressed the question of how many citizenships you can have, let's discuss the ways to obtain them.
Birthright Citizenship: the right of the soil (Jus soli)
This is obtained when a person is born in a country that offers citizenship to anyone born on its soil, regardless of the nationality of the parents. Most countries in the American continent, with the exceptions of Cuba and Colombia, grant unconditional citizenship to people born within their borders.
However, it’s important to note that while this is a seemingly straightforward path to citizenship, many countries have exceptions or additional requirements
For instance, in Germany, a child born in the country can acquire German citizenship if at least one parent has been a legal and habitual resident for a minimum of eight years. In Spain, a child born there is considered Spanish if one of the parents was also born in Spain, or if neither parent passes on their nationality to the child.
Parentage or Descent: the right of blood (Jus sanguinis)
Many countries grant citizenship based on the nationality of one's parents. This means if your parents are citizens of a country, you might also be eligible for citizenship there, regardless of where you were born. Notable examples include Malta, where citizenship can be passed down even if a child is born abroad, and Ireland, which extends citizenship to children with Irish parents or even grandparents under certain conditions. Japan adheres strictly to this principle, offering citizenship to children with at least one Japanese parent. Spain and Greece also follow this model, granting citizenship based on lineage, often extending beyond immediate parents.
Marriage
Marriage as a path to citizenship is often seen as a direct and personal connection to a country through a citizen spouse, thereby facilitating the naturalization process. However, in response to concerns over sham or fraudulent marriages, countries have implemented more strict regulations. Consequently, citizenship through marriage, while available in various countries, is subject to differing requirements and conditions. For instance, in Portugal, one can apply for citizenship after being married to a Portuguese citizen for three years, or two years if they have a Portuguese child. France allows spouses of French citizens to apply for citizenship after four years of marriage, provided the couple has been living together.
Naturalization
Naturalization is another common method to acquire citizenship. This process usually involves residing in a country for a specific period, demonstrating integration into the society, and often passing language and civics tests. Integral to this process is the requirement to have a clean criminal record, which serves as a testament to the applicant's good moral character and respect for the laws of the host nation.
For example, in the United States, eligibility for naturalization demands a minimum of five years of lawful residence, or three if married to a U.S. citizen. Applicants must also pass English and U.S. civics tests, showcasing their language skills and understanding of American government and history.
Similarly, Canada requires a physical presence of 3 years within the 5 years immediately before applying for citizenship, as well as language proficiency, and knowledge of the country, including Canadian rights and responsibilities.
Investment Citizenship
Citizenship by Investment (ChBI) programs offer individuals and their families a way to acquire citizenship in a different country through substantial investment in the target country and in many cases without a physical presence requirement, making the investment itself the most important requirement. This can include real estate investments, business investments, or significant financial contributions to government funds.
Other than obtaining a second passport, CBI programs also extend a variety of advantages. Participants may enjoy tax advantages, access to a range of government services, and an enhancement of citizenship rights, including voting and property ownership, enriching their global standing and personal freedoms.
In considering CBI programs, apart from the investment itself, there are several other requirements to be met. Applicants must choose from approved investment options, clear security checks, and verify the legal source of their investment funds. Additionally, a clean criminal record and maintaining good health are essential prerequisites.
Golden visa programs are another appealing option for those looking for expanded personal and economic liberties. These programs grant legal residency in exchange for investment, allowing individuals to gain permanent residency in a host country. They are found across the globe, including the USA EB-5, Greece Golden Visa, UAE Golden Visa, Malta, Austria Residency by Independent means, Saudi Arabia Premium Residency, Australia, and many others, providing investors with the legal right to reside in the target country as well as greater mobility and a possibility of future citizenship. Like Citizenship by Investment programs, golden visas also offer additional advantages such as tax benefits and improved access to government services.
If these opportunities align with your aspirations, Mirabello Consultancy is your trusted advisor for your investment-driven citizenship or residency goals. It offers various Citizenship by Investment programs and Golden Visa options, to assist clients in expediting their second citizenship or residency in various countries. Mirabello Consultancy aims to offer a tailored experience to each client, focusing on their specific needs and ensuring a smooth and efficient process. So fill out the contact form to request your free initial consultation with Mirabello Consultancy.
Top Passport Mixes for Mobility and Opportunity
Certain combinations of citizenships can provide significant advantages in terms of global mobility, tax benefits, business opportunities, and lifestyle perks. Here are some of the most interesting combinations:
1. U.S. + St. Kitts and Nevis + Portugal + Singapore
Why?
U.S. Citizenship: Access to one of the world's strongest economies and global influence.
St. Kitts and Nevis: Tax-friendly (no income tax on foreign earnings) and offers visa-free access to 150+ countries.
Portugal: Part of the EU, granting freedom of movement within Europe. Portugal also has the Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) tax regime, which offers tax exemptions on foreign income.
Singapore: Business-friendly environment, low taxes, and a strong passport with visa-free access to 190+ countries.
Best for: Entrepreneurs, investors, and those looking for financial flexibility with strong global access.
2. Canada + Italy + UAE + Australia
Why?
Canada: High-quality healthcare, education, and access to both the U.S. and Europe via trade agreements.
Italy: EU citizenship, access to affordable property, and an excellent quality of life.
UAE: Zero income tax, strong economy, and no capital gains tax.
Australia: High standard of living, strong passport, and good healthcare.
Best for: Those seeking a balance between financial benefits and quality of life in stable, developed countries.
3. UK + Ireland + Switzerland + Panama
Why?
UK: Global business hub, access to finance and trade.
Ireland: EU citizenship while maintaining proximity to the UK. No tax on foreign income if not remitted to Ireland.
Switzerland: Low taxes, financial privacy, and an excellent banking system.
Panama: Territorial taxation (only local income is taxed) and access to Central and South America.
Best for: Wealthy individuals looking for financial stability and travel freedom.
4. Spain + Argentina + Canada + New Zealand
Why?
Spain: EU citizenship, strong passport, and great lifestyle benefits.
Argentina: Fast naturalization process (2 years), good passport, and no worldwide income tax.
Canada: Stability, healthcare, and work opportunities in North America.
New Zealand: Low population, clean environment, and good quality of life.
Best for: Those seeking diverse residency options with travel flexibility.
5. Portugal + Malta + Dominica + Hong Kong
Why?
Portugal: EU citizenship, tax-friendly policies, and an attractive Golden Visa program.
Malta: EU passport, strong financial system, and business incentives.
Dominica: Affordable citizenship-by-investment option with visa-free travel.
Hong Kong: A major financial hub with a low tax regime.
Best for: Investors, business owners, and digital nomads looking for diverse tax and travel benefits.
When considering how many citizenships you can have, it's important to understand that the answer varies depending on the laws of each country. While some nations allow individuals to hold multiple citizenships without restriction, others impose limitations or require renunciation of previous citizenships. As globalization continues to shape the world, holding multiple citizenships has become more of a strategic advantage than a mere novelty.
Whether it’s for the freedom to travel, new business opportunities, or enhanced personal security, the number of citizenships you can acquire offers numerous benefits. By leveraging pathways such as birthright, ancestry, marriage, naturalization, and investment programs, individuals can expand their global footprint and enjoy unprecedented mobility and access.
So, while the dream of reaching other planets may still be out of reach, the possibility of holding multiple citizenships is a very attainable goal. With the right guidance, you can navigate the legal complexities and open doors to a broader world. Ultimately, the question of how many citizenships you can have is not just about the number, but about the doors it can open for your future.
FAQ
A passport portfolio refers to the collection of multiple passports that an individual holds from different countries. This concept is often associated with global mobility, financial planning, and security. Wealthy individuals, entrepreneurs, and investors sometimes acquire multiple citizenships to enjoy visa-free travel, tax benefits, business opportunities, and greater personal freedom.
A strong passport portfolio allows individuals to access different regions more easily, avoid travel restrictions, and even secure a backup plan in case of political instability or economic downturns in their home country. People build their passport portfolios through birthright citizenship, naturalization, marriage, or investment programs like Citizenship by Investment offered by countries such as Malta, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Portugal.
The time varies by country and method. Citizenship by naturalization may take years (e.g., 5-10 years), while citizenship-by-investment programs can often be completed in a few months.
The most common ways to acquire multiple citizenships are through birth (if your parents or place of birth grant citizenship), marriage, naturalization, ancestry, or citizenship-by-investment programs offered by some countries.
Citizenship by descent allows individuals to acquire citizenship based on their ancestry. Many countries offer this if you can prove that a parent, grandparent, or sometimes even a great-grandparent was a citizen of that country.
It depends on the countries involved. Many countries grant citizenship automatically to children born to parents of different nationalities, while others may require additional applications or proof.
There is no official or verified record for the person holding the most citizenships. Citizenship information is usually private and not publicly disclosed. However, some individuals strategically acquire multiple citizenships for global mobility or other benefits. For example, Canadian immigration lawyer David Lesperance recounted a client who obtained citizenship from eight nations, including Canada, Belize, Cape Verde, Ireland, the United Kingdom, St. Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, and Grenada.
While there is no official record for the maximum number of citizenships held by an individual, the concept of multiple citizenships is recognized globally. Some 75 percent of countries allow their citizens to hold foreign passports, providing various paths to multiple citizenships.
Yes, it is possible to hold four or more citizenships, provided all the countries involved allow dual or multiple citizenships. The exact number depends on the laws of the specific countries.
No, not all countries allow dual or multiple citizenships. Some nations, like Japan or China, require individuals to renounce their previous citizenships upon naturalization.
Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) is a status granted to foreign nationals of Indian origin, providing them with certain privileges like lifelong, multiple-entry visas and access to economic and educational benefits. It is not the same as full citizenship and does not confer the right to vote or hold political office in India. To qualify, applicants must have an Indian parent or grandparent, and cannot be from Pakistan or Bangladesh.
No, acquiring another citizenship does not automatically result in the loss of U.S. citizenship. U.S. law allows dual or multiple citizenships unless you voluntarily renounce your U.S. citizenship in front of a U.S. official.
Multiple citizenships provide various advantages, such as access to more countries without visas, the ability to work or study in multiple nations, greater personal safety in times of instability, and financial or tax planning opportunities.
Yes, some disadvantages include increased tax liabilities, mandatory military service in some countries, and possible legal or diplomatic conflicts. Additionally, managing multiple passports and adhering to the laws of each country can be complex.
Canada permits dual or multiple citizenships. A Canadian citizen can hold citizenships in other countries, provided those countries allow it. Canadian law places no restriction on the number of additional citizenships.
Yes, it is possible to lose citizenship if a country revokes it due to criminal activity, fraudulent acquisition, or voluntary renunciation. Each country has its own rules governing the revocation of citizenship.
The United States allows its citizens to hold multiple citizenships. There is no legal limit on the number of citizenships a U.S. citizen can have, but this depends on whether the laws of the other countries involved also permit dual or multiple citizenship.
